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Long-Term Hydrologic Responses to Climatic Variability in Kentucky: Trends in Precipitation and Streamflow

Session: 37th Annual Undergraduate Research Exhibition Sponsored by Sigma Gamma Epsilon (Posters)

Presenting Author:

Adam McKinney

Authors:

McKinney, Adam¹, Harris, Emelia², Kibria, Md Golam³

(1) Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, USA, (2) Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, USA, (3) Department of Engineering Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, USA,

Abstract:

This study examines long-term precipitation trends and their hydrologic effects throughout Kentucky, concentrating on climate-related changes in flood frequency and watershed responses. Using over 100 years of meteorological data from weather stations and streamflow records, combined with geospatial and statistical methods, the research analyzes spatial and temporal variations in precipitation and temperature across the state. The findings reveal trends in precipitation intensity and distribution, with broad inferences for flood risk, groundwater recharge, and water resource management. Kentucky has experienced an increase in extreme weather events, such as floods, tornadoes, and landslides, with their frequency and severity likely intensified by climate change. In Eastern Kentucky, Mountaintop Mining (MTM) and valley fill practices have further disrupted the hydrologic cycle by transforming Appalachian landscapes. Land cover removal, soil compaction, and overburden redistribution from MTM considerably decrease infiltration capacity and increase surface runoff. These changes lead to flash flooding by intensifying peak flows and overwhelming stream networks, especially under changing rainfall patterns in the current decade. Remote sensing and GIS tools helped identify landscape alterations and flood-prone sub-watersheds. The findings highlight strong links between climate variability, land use changes, and hydrologic impacts, underscoring the importance of adaptive management strategies. The study demonstrates that climate change not only shifts precipitation patterns but also reduces groundwater recharge efficiency and worsens flood hazards in vulnerable regions. These insights are crucial for developing predictive models, informing water management policies, and designing climate-resilient infrastructure in Kentucky and similar temperate, topographically diverse areas facing both human and climatic stresses on hydrologic systems.