180-18 Influence of Hereditary Genes on Cancer Development

Session: Geoscience Outreach Efforts to Broaden Participation (Posters)

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Cancer, as defined by the World Health Organization, is a large group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and can metastasize to other parts of the body. It is often caused by a change or mutation in one's DNA structure. If these mutations affect the sex cells, they can be inherited. Having a first-degree relative who has cancer can increase one's risk of developing cancer. This study aims to identify the significance of inherited genes in relation to cancer development.

Cancer is not solely developed by hereditary traits. Environmental factors such as increased exposure to tobacco smoke, increased exposure to UV radiation, drinking arsenic-rich groundwater, or even lifestyle factors can cause cancer. However, hereditary mutations account for about 10% of cases, but it is often underdiagnosed.

Researchers have identified specific genes that are linked to cancer, such as BReast CAncer gene 1 (BRCA 1) and BReast CAncer gene 2 (BRCA 2). They produce proteins that help repair damaged DNA.  While there is only a 1 in 400 chance that a person will inherit a mutated BRCA gene, around 70% with the mutation will develop breast cancer by age 80. About 45% with a change in BRCA 1 will develop ovarian cancer by age 80, while 20% of those with BRCA 2 will.    

The likelihood of having breast cancer is 5 times greater when having two close familial relatives with cancer than without. The risk for ovarian cancer is 25 times greater with two close familial relatives, and 2.4 times more likely with one. Kidney, urinary bladder, and leukemia all have more than double the risk with a positive family history. Those with hereditary EPCAM are more likely to develop colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, kidney, prostate, brain cancers, and types of sarcomas while those with ATM gene mutations have higher risks of breast, pancreatic, ovarian, and colorectal cancers.

Predictive genetic testing can be used when there is a known family history. However, some have felt anxiety upon receiving their results. It is recommended that individuals keep up with their family medical history and regular screenings to mitigate risk. Future research can focus on the psychological effects of genetic testing and understanding outside risk factors such as hazardous contaminants in groundwater that can influence cancer development.

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program. Vol. 57, No. 6, 2025

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